Behavioral Finance helps us explain actual investor and market behavior vs. Over time as individuals utilize biases to make investment decisions. Understanding Individual Behavioral Biases for the CFA L3 Exam. This post focuses on Reading 8 in Study Session 3, which is all about understanding the emotional and cognitive biases we face as individuals and identifying those on an individual level.

Posted In: Economics, Private Wealth Management
Biases

Behavioral finance rests on a simple premise: The biggest risks in investing are embedded in ourselves as decision makers. Biology encourages our brains to take cognitive shortcuts that can cause big problems.

But psychologist Daniel Crosby believes that we do not have to be our own worst enemies when it comes to investing. “The news is not actually all that bad,” he explained at the Wealth Management 2019 Conference, hosted by CFA Society South Florida. It is possible to navigate around our innate shortcomings and counteract our biases.

“Human nature is both a miracle and a mess,” Crosby said. “Things that have given rise to our success as a species — from a reproductive standpoint, from an evolutionary standpoint — often serve us very poorly as investors.” Risk aversion, for example, has helped us adapt and survive for thousands of years, but it also leads us to make bad financial choices.

But the first step to overcoming these errors and making better decisions is identifying those biases that influence our judgment. Academics have already named roughly 200 types of cognitive biases. “Some of these little biases were just to make tenure,” Crosby joked.

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We can’t possibly keep track of them all. But the 200 do generally fall into one of several categories. “We are prone to four primary types of behavioral errors,” he said. They are the following:

  • Ego: Ego-driven biases manifest as overconfidence, or the belief that we will consistently perform better than average. We believe our insights are more accurate and our measurements more precise than those of others. “Over-precision is one way that we get it wrong,” he said.
  • Conservation: These types of bias occur when we stick with what we know, conflating the familiar choice with the best choice. As an example, Crosby highlighted the Mona Lisa — one of the most famous paintings in the world. Do we value the Leonardo da Vinci work based on its artistic merit? Crosby doesn’t believe so. “We confuse having heard of something with something being good, all the time,” he said.
  • Attention: These biases allow our memories to influence our assessment of probabilities. As an example, Crosby discussed how memories of the 11 September 2001 terror attacks made many wary of plane travel. This meant more people opted for automobiles for long-distance travel, which in turn led to an increase in traffic fatalities. “We do this all the time, in big ways and small,” he said.
  • Emotion: “We confuse our emotions with our risk management,” Crosby said. “We confuse what’s fun and what makes us emotionally feel good with what’s safe.” Emotional behavior has driven booms, busts, and bankruptcies throughout market history.

But recognizing these biases is only the beginning. The next and most critical step is counteracting them. And in this, Occam’s razor applies: The simpler the solution, the better.

“The more complex and dynamic a system, the more simple the solution needs to be,” Crosby said. He recommends checking data carefully, finding ways to develop an outsider’s perspective on subjects with which we aren’t familiar, and taking steps to drain the emotion out of investment decisions. He singled out meditation, in particular, as being especially useful for investment professionals looking to reduce emotional attachment.

Crosby ended his presentation by emphasizing the importance of these ideas for wealth managers serving private clients. “The work you do is important,” he said. “The people you serve are beneficiaries of this good work. But your understanding of them and their behavior sets a ceiling for your effectiveness.”

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All posts are the opinion of the author. As such, they should not be construed as investment advice, nor do the opinions expressed necessarily reflect the views of CFA Institute or the author’s employer.

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It is unusual for investors to perceive on their own, a constant tug of war between their cognitive thinking and emotional response. Often, the emotional response wins because of an inherent human behavioral bias. It is important to ensure that cognitive thinking is not suppressed by emotional response especially for investments-related financial matters as investment assets grow only with right decisions and discipline.


LOSS AVERSION BIAS

It is thought that the pain of losing is psychologically about twice as powerful as the pleasure of gaining. This bias emanates from the desire to avoid the feeling of regret experienced after making a choice with a negative outcome. Investors who are influenced by anticipated regret take less risk because it lessens the potential for poor outcomes. The bull market is alive and well, yet many investors have missed the rally because of the fear that it may reverse course. Loss aversion leads to negativity, which causes investors to put more weight on bad news than on good.

GAMBLERS’ FALLACY BIAS

Assume that the NIFTY has closed to the upside for five trading sessions in a row. Investors are likely to place a short trade on the NIFTY Index because gambler’s fallacy makes them believe that chances are high that the market will drop on the sixth day after five consecutive sessions of upward rally. There may be other reasons why the sixth day will produce a down market; but by itself, the fact that the market is up five consecutive days is irrelevant. In most of the instances such biased trade generates losses.

CONFIRMATION BIAS

Behavior Biases And Investment

It is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses. Investors are often drawn to information that is validated in their existing beliefs and opinions. An investor may have a belief about market conditions and gravitate toward information sources that confirm that belief. Oftentimes, it happens when investors attach an emphasis to the outcomes desired.

TREND CHASING BIAS

Investors often chase past performance in the mistaken belief that historical returns predict future investment performance. This tendency is complicated by the fact that some product issuers may increase advertising when past performance is high to attract new investors. However, that investors do not benefit because performance usually fails to persist in the future. After persistent rally in equity markets, historical returns of equity oriented products become very attractive and hence sale of equity products zooms up. This is only because of trend-chasing investor bias.

STATUS-QUO BIAS

Human habits are difficult to change. This resistance to change spills over to investment portfolios through the acts of repeatedly coming back to the same stocks, sector and fund instead of researching new ideas. Although investing in companies you understand is a sound investment strategy, having a short list of go-to products might limit your profit potential. World is full of innovations and right investment strategy is one that maintains basic principles of investing, but is also open to incorporate new investment ideas and products while researching and investment product selection.

BANDWAGON BIAS

The bandwagon effect is a psychological phenomenon in which investors do something primarily because other investors are doing it. It’s a thought process that takes hold when a person doesn’t want to be left out of a trend or a movement. Just because the larger herd is buying a particular stock, fund, sector or region, or a type of investment, it doesn’t mean that’s the right move for every investor; but investors get trapped because of this bias. Warren Buffett became one of the most successful investors in the world who resisted the bandwagon bias. His famous advice, “Become greedy when others are fearful and become fearful when others are greedy” is a denouncement of this bias. Going back to confirmation bias, investors feel better when they are investing along with the crowd. But as Buffett has proven, after exhaustive research, an opposite mentality proves more profitable in the long term.

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DISPOSITION EFFECT BIAS

This refers to a tendency to label investments as winners or losers. Disposition effect bias can lead an investor to hang onto an investment that no longer has any upside or sell a winning investment too early to make up for previous losses. This is harmful because it can increase capital gain taxes and can reduce returns even before taxes.

FAMILIARITY BIAS

This occurs when investors have a preference for familiar or well- known investments despite the seemingly obvious gains from diversification. The investors may feel anxiety when diversifying investments away from known investments like FDs, Gold and Real estate and to lesser known ones, like Mutual funds, Bonds, Alternative investments, as unfamiliar investments, are outside of their comfort zone. This can lead to suboptimal portfolios that largely underperform.

SELF – ATTRIBUTION BIAS

Investors who suffer from self-attribution bias tend to attribute successful outcomes to their own actions and bad outcomes to external factors. They often exhibit this bias as a means of self-protection or self-enhancement. Investors affected by self-attribution bias may become overconfident. Investors who live under this belief have trouble coming to terms with the irrationality and variability of markets and the impossibility of their expectation. The outcome is typically a spiral of financial disaster and the rationalization that while their belief is correct, the person or a situation that pushes the buttons wasn’t right.

MENTAL ACCOUTING BIAS

Mental accounting occurs when a person views various sources of money as being different from one another. Money earned at a job may be viewed differently than money received as a gift or in-heritance. This can affect the way the money is spent or invested. This leads to reckless spending of the money which is not earned and is received in form of a gift in a cash or a kind. Have you experienced this? Mental accounting shows up in investor portfolios too. “People get emotionally tied to certain investment”. Have you come across a particular elderly woman who wouldn’t part with a large holding of stock in a local bank initiated by a family member? It’s a fairly common occurrence.

RECENCY BIAS

Investors believe what’s happened recently will continue to happen. It’s no secret that retail investors tend to chase investment often piling into an asset class just as it is peaking and about to reverse lower. Because the investment has been climbing higher recently, investors believe that will remain the case. Unfortunately, research has shown that it’s essentially impossible to predict which asset class, sector or geographic region will be the top performer in any given year. But past performance is generally the strong driver, as few people want to feel left behind. Strong interest in gold, which took a sharp turn lower in late 2012, was an example of investors’ recency bias before the yellow metal plummeted. for three years, everybody wanted to buy gold.

WORRY

The act of worrying is a natural and common human emotion. Worry evokes memories and creates visions of possible future scenarios that alter an investor’s judgment about personal finances. Anxiety about an investment increases its perceived risk and lowers the level of risk tolerance. To avoid this bias, investors should match their level of risk tolerance with an appropriate asset allocation strategy.

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